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Episode 1: Truman Sides With France

Truman aids France in its war to recolonize Vietnam鈥攖he beginning of a 25-year involvement听

We must sacrifice to our last drop of blood to save our country.

At the end of World War II, Ho Chi Minh鈥攖he Vietnamese Communist leader鈥攕eized an opportunity to escape decades of French rule. Japanese troops had taken control of Vietnam in 1945. The day Japan surrendered to the Allies, Ho Chi Minh declared independence in front of a crowd of exhilarated Vietnamese. In a deliberate appeal for American support, he opened his speech with the words: 鈥淎ll men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among them are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.鈥�

But when France went to war to recolonize Vietnam in 1945, the U.S. government needed its ally鈥檚 cooperation to contain the spread of communism in Europe. From 1946 to 1950, it adopted a neutral policy toward the conflict. In 1950 President Harry S. Truman authorized direct financial and military assistance to the French. 听

Looking Back

Ho Chi Minh鈥檚 long quest for American support

President Truman was not the first American official Ho Chi Minh attempted to befriend, nor was the United States the first nation he approached. He first tried to enlist U.S. support in 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference. He sent an appeal to Soviet Premier Josef Stalin in 1945-46 very similar to the one he sent to Truman. He had long known his small country would need allies to win independence from the French.

Ho Chi Minh made his only successful connection with American officials after he helped a downed U.S. pilot reach safety during World War II. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) enlisted 鈥淥ld Man Ho鈥� to broadcast radio reports on weather and Japanese troop movements to U.S. intelligence operatives stationed in China. Later, his Viet Minh guerrillas joined forces with an OSS team. Ho鈥檚 bright eyes and calm geniality made a powerful impression on the officers. But in the years to come, many Americans would associate his wispy beard and peasant attire with something sinister.

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Episode 2: Eisenhower Backs Diem

Eisenhower commits U.S. support for the new anti-Communist South Vietnamese government

The possible consequences of the loss [of Vietnam] are just incalculable to the free world.

After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the 1954 Geneva Accords called for a temporary partition of Vietnam at the 17th Parallel鈥攃reating a Communist state in the North and a French-backed non-Communist state in the South. The agreement called for an election to reunify the two zones in 1956. Eisenhower believed 鈥渓osing鈥� South Vietnam to communism would be a strategic, economic, and humanitarian disaster. So he pledged support to an emerging leader鈥擭go Dinh Diem鈥攁 devout Catholic and fervent anti-French, anti-Communist nationalist. Diem faced multiple threats: some members of his inherited government and military were associated with the hated French; mobsters controlled much of Saigon; and French-supported armed religious sects and military officers challenged his leadership.

Against all odds, Diem consolidated power. The 鈥淒iem Miracle鈥� would prove to be short-lived, but Eisenhower鈥檚 decision to support him set the United States on a course that continued for another 20 years.

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Episode 3:听Kennedy Doubles Down

Kennedy invests in a military solution to a political question: 听What type of government will rule a united Vietnam?

Now we have a problem in making our power credible and Vietnam is the place.

After the Bay of Pigs defeat in Cuba and the erection of the Berlin Wall, President Kennedy needed a win. 鈥淰ietnam is the place,鈥� he told a reporter, convinced the U.S. could restore its Cold War credibility by saving the remote Southeast Asia country from communism.

Kennedy supplied thousands of additional military advisers and equipment to South Vietnam to fight the Communist insurgency. He resisted sending ground troops, against his advisers鈥� persistent urging.

For a time, American assistance appeared to help stabilize South Vietnam鈥攂ut in 1963 tensions between the Diem regime and its U.S. ally and resistance from the population escalated to a tragic and bloody climax.

Diem鈥檚 downfall

The South Vietnamese President鈥檚 听increasingly authoritarian regime ends in a violent coup

The flood of American resources appeared to buoy South Vietnam. But in January 1963 a few hundred 鈥淰iet Cong鈥� guerrillas repelled the assault of 2,500 American-equipped South Vietnamese infantrymen in the Battle of Ap Bac. The American press portrayed it as evidence that the South Vietnamese military was incompetent and that President Diem was to blame.

That spring, newspaper images of monks burning themselves in protest against the Diem regime stunned observers around the world. The violence and unrest in Saigon raised blood pressures in Washington. Meanwhile, Diem ignored the Kennedy administration鈥檚 increasingly adamant calls for reform.

The Diem experiment came to a bloody end when he and his brother were assassinated on November 23 in the back of an armored personnel carrier.

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Episode 4: Johnson Sets the Stage

Congress rushes to give President Johnson war powers

We still seek no wider war.

With the post-coup Saigon regime in chaos, North Vietnam sharply escalated the war in hopes of bringing Communists to power before Americans fully intervened. Despite doubts about its significance and winnability, Johnson was 鈥渘ot going to lose Vietnam.鈥�

The 36th President portrayed confrontations between U.S. and North Vietnamese ships off the coast of North Vietnam as unprovoked aggression. When contrary information surfaced, many believed Congress had been conned. It was too late. With little debate, legislators passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, giving Johnson unprecedented power to 鈥渢ake all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.鈥�

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