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P )e/PaEPP_ w1ٱn C-JGH!R$-3 UpP_!X ~Ddپ-5 ǂ @r࠿?2+T Zb@/< ̷(/p\! 쥟!a[h ,d621 CK G/d6qPP_An Gt*g/P@\Ŀ. ࠁ_HF P ࠿#/Pp_r%O /"Z\s@/. \ x2_|oX(<x/ࠤ5YC<p\!!/ / /hG- ),Jy Ap_๗?|PR"B bb"r@// / ]P cF /%H0\̄㰠  pkp_. (,@e@\aRX5a!AHl,C )JN!\U\?\@hHHdQ))( NGsWSuX+_ {@. ;.`0P\YH )H*C/6G ٲd1 " A|\ Cdt D.2*̆<LCk_:T 1!G@8e `k@C_b?l9 `-q"Gedv)ApD]d6(PCQ/ ` *J^@%l2lh5 A_A? #zr0oE_ldܸ(?B_  eHCc^~@< tA*,˒ rx?e Cc] ,!/%I⼳P<?vH` R+l56S! 9T` C]SY'v)࿐tX`@__v2!Av/. _) AAp\ dFW?  ȍ*/ endstream endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 41 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 52 0 R /F6 48 0 R /F7 49 0 R /F9 37 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 60 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 55 0 R /Cs9 54 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 9467 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 394.0543 16.9575 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 216 738 360 -691.92 re 397.946 16.958 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 706.691 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0151 Tc 0.0837 Tw (Under the auspices of the IWG, the Central Intelligence Agency reviewed and declassified)Tj /F6 1 Tf 0 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3189 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0772 Tw (Name Files)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.7323 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3189 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0772 Tw [( of many Nazi figures and related subjects. In May)54.9(, the IWG opened an addi-)]TJ -5.3702 -1.2632 TD -0.0132 Tw (tional 380 CIA files on individuals and subjects associated with Nazi war crimes or war crim-)Tj T* 0.0847 Tw [(inals. This opening, taken together with the April 2001 release of 20 files, brings the total)]TJ T* 0.0049 Tc 0.4513 Tw (number of Name Files released by the CIA to 400. \(List available online at)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 646.691 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0074 Tc 0 Tw [(http://www)54.9(.archives.gov/iwg/declassified_records/record_group_263_main.html)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 481.975 646.691 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0074 Tc 0.3673 Tw (.\) The new collection)Tj -27.8921 -1.2632 TD -0.0151 Tc -0.0176 Tw (undoubtedly will yield valuable details about the Nazi regime and U.S. wartime intelligence. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0231 Tw [(The records in the new release include documents on many high-level Nazis, such as)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0303 Tw [(W)18(alter Schellenberg \(Head of the Reich Security Main Office Foreign Intelligence Service\))]TJ T* 0.0314 Tw (and Otto Skorzeny \(Hitler)Tj /F6 1 Tf 10.9594 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0313 Tw (s favorite commando, having snatched Mussolini from captiv-)Tj -11.1264 -1.2631 TD 0.1594 Tw [(ity\). They also provide new insight into such individuals as W)17.8(alther Rauff, Krunoslav)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (Dragonovic, and Reinhard Gehlen. )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 553.691 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0277 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(W)29.9(alther Rauff)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 539.675 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc -0.0097 Tw (The CIA)Tj /F6 1 Tf 3.2237 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0097 Tw [(s name file on W)17.8(alther \(W)17.8(alter\) Rauff, one of Nazi Germany)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 25.0672 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0097 Tw (s notorious war crim-)Tj -28.6249 -1.2632 TD 0.2201 Tw (inals, contains some new information about Rauff)Tj /F6 1 Tf 22.6333 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2201 Tw (s wartime efforts and detailed, if)Tj -22.8003 -1.2632 TD 0.0294 Tw [(unconfirmed, reports about his postwar travels and career)73.9(. As an official of the Criminal)]TJ T* 0.1074 Tw [(T)54.9(echnical Institute of the Reich Security Main Office, Rauff designed gas vans used to)]TJ T* 0.0471 Tw (murder Jews and persons with disabilities. He later was involved in persecution of Jews)Tj T* -0.0109 Tw [(in North Africa, and there is a postwar report in the file that he tried to arrange the exter-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (mination of Jews in Egypt during late 1942. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.0019 Tw [(Near the end of the war)74(, Rauff, then an SS and police official in northern Italy)55(, tried to)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0773 Tw [(gain credit for the surrender of German forces in Italy)54.9(, but ended up only surrendering)]TJ T* 0.0443 Tw [(himself. After escaping from an American internment camp in Italy)54.9(, Rauff hid in a num-)]TJ T* 0.0621 Tw [(ber of Italian convents, apparently under the protection of Bishop Alois Hudel. In 1948)]TJ T* 0.0745 Tw (he was recruited by Syrian intelligence and went to Damascus, only to fall out of favor)Tj T* 0.0077 Tw [(after a coup there a year later)73.9(. According to one report, he tortured Jews in Syria. He and)]TJ T* 0.0702 Tw [(his family then settled in Ecuador)73.9(, later shifting to Chile, where he may have served in)]TJ T* -0.0201 Tw (Chilean intelligence. CIA officials could not determine Rauff)Tj /F6 1 Tf 25.4203 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0201 Tw (s exact position. In any case,)Tj -25.5873 -1.2632 TD -0.0277 Tw (the government of General Augusto Pinochet resisted all calls for his extradition to stand)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(trial in W)17.8(est Germany)54.9(,)0( and he died peacefully in southern Chile in 1984.)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 326.675 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0277 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Krunoslav Draganovic)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 312.659 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0284 Tw [(Father Krunoslav Draganovic was a Franciscan priest who actively served the Nazi satel-)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD 0.1563 Tw [(lite regime in Croatia, which was responsible for the deaths of between 330,000 and)]TJ T* 0.0096 Tw [(390,000 orthodox Serbs and about 32,000 Jews. Following the war)73.9(, Draganovic facilitated)]TJ T* -0.0194 Tw (the escape of numerous Croatian war criminals to South America via the College of Saint)Tj T* 0.1918 Tw [(Jerome in Rome. From 1959 to 1962, especially tense years in the Cold W)17.8(a)-0.1(r)73.9(,)-0.1( Father)]TJ T* 0.1944 Tw [(Draganovic worked as a spy for U.S. Army intelligence against the Y)17.8(ugoslav regime.)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Draganovic)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.7783 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.025 Tw (s CIA file shows the CIA)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.8884 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.025 Tw (s skepticism regarding Draganovic)Tj /F6 1 Tf 14.5112 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.025 Tw (s reliability)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.7267 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (skep-)Tj -35.4056 -1.2632 TD -0.004 Tw [(ticism that resulted in the termination of his employment with the U.S. Army)54.9(. Additional)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(information is being processed for release in the Draganovic Army IRR)-250.1(file.)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 195.659 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0277 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Reinhard Gehlen)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 181.643 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc -0.0136 Tw (This release includes a substantial collection of high-level documents on the origins and)Tj 0 -1.2632 TD 0.1238 Tw (first years of the relationship between Generalmajor Reinhard Gehlen and the United)Tj T* 0.1208 Tw [(States Government. As Nazi Germany collapsed, Gehlen turned himself in to the U.S.)]TJ T* 0.054 Tw [(Army)54.8(. During the war he had led the Fremde Heeren Ost, the intelligence unit that col-)]TJ T* 0.0614 Tw [(lected and analyzed information on the Eastern Front for Hitler and the W)17.8(ehrmacht. In)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(the summer of 1945, Gehlen offered to continue the same work for the United States. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.3325 Tw (Much has already been written on the 25-year relationship that ensued when)Tj -1.2632 -1.2421 TD -0.0042 Tw (American officials accepted Gehlen)Tj /F6 1 Tf 15.0162 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0042 Tw (s offer; but these documents detail the complexity of)Tj -15.1833 -1.2421 TD 0.0357 Tw (that relationship as well as the strategic gamble made by the United States in sponsor-)Tj T* -0.0115 Tw (ing the rebirth of Gehlen)Tj /F6 1 Tf 10.4594 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0115 Tw [(s wartime organization. The U.S. Army remained Gehlen)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 23.7609 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0116 Tw (s spon-)Tj -34.5544 -1.2421 TD 0.1092 Tw [(sor until 1949, when the Central Intelligence Agency)54.9(, after much internal debate, took)]TJ T* 0.2645 Tw (over as Gehlen)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.864 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2644 Tw (s patron. According to one CIA official, though Gehlen was )Tj /F6 1 Tf 27.8197 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (chiefy )Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 205.265 737.995 m 205.265 35.995 l S 1 1 1 sc 36 738 540 -23.18 re 579.886 50.843 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 36.9999 728 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (M)Tj 9 0 0 9 51.6694 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (ORE)Tj 12 0 0 12 89.3445 728 Tm 0.3333 Tc 0.0278 Tw (CIA N)Tj 9 0 0 9 140.3289 728 Tm 0.4445 Tc 0 Tw (AME)Tj 12 0 0 12 179.0016 728 Tm 0 Tc (F)Tj 9 0 0 9 189.675 728 Tm 0.4445 Tc (ILES)Tj 12 0 0 12 232.3391 728 Tm 0 Tc (R)Tj 9 0 0 9 244.3455 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (ELEASED)Tj 13 0 0 13 46.3804 243.1406 Tm -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw (The records in the )Tj 0 -1.1538 TD -0.0112 Tc (new release include )Tj T* -0.0113 Tc (documents on many )Tj T* (high-level Nazis)Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 5 w 10 M []0 d 38.5 259.219 m 38.5 191.12 l S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 499.8855 39.0897 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Continued on page 5.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 41 0 R /Resources 5 0 R /Contents 6 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 5 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F5 52 0 R /F6 48 0 R /F7 49 0 R /F9 37 0 R >> /XObject << /Im2 7 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 60 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 55 0 R /Cs9 54 0 R >> >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 9450 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 207 738 m 207 36 l S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 394.0543 16.9575 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 216 738 360 -714.79 re 397.946 16.958 m f* BT 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 706.691 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(Ger)9.7(hard L. W)29.8(einberg)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD [(Chairperson of the IWG Historical Advisory Panel)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 668.675 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1381 Tw [(Gerhard W)17.8(einberg has strong opinions about Government secrecy: )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 29.7369 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1382 Tw [(The fewer secrets)]TJ -30.0709 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw [(you are trying to keep, the more likely it is that you can actually keep them secret.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 35.1847 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD ( )Tj /F6 1 Tf -34.2555 -1.2632 TD ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.016 Tw (The reason,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.9314 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.016 Tw [( he says, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 3.8411 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0161 Tw (is very obvious. If you)Tj /F6 1 Tf 9.1332 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.2219 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.016 Tw (ve got ten cops for a 100-yard fence, they)Tj -20.3926 -1.2632 TD 0.0417 Tw [(can guard it. Y)36.8(ou stretch the ten-cop fence to five miles, you can guarantee that people)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0181 Tw [(who want to get through, will get through. The only people who are left out are the harm-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (less historians.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.4735 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf -5.2103 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.002 Tw [(Harmless, perhaps. Helpless, hardly)54.8(. W)17.8(einberg is not only shaping our understanding)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0281 Tw [(of W)17.8(orld W)17.8(ar II as one of the nation)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 15.3639 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0282 Tw (s leading historians of the period, he is also signifi-)Tj -15.531 -1.2632 TD 0.1635 Tw [(cantly involved in efforts to make U.S. Government records on W)17.8(orld W)17.8(ar II publicly)]TJ T* 0 Tw (accessible. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0228 Tw [(The retired history professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is wide-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0738 Tw (ly esteemed among other experts of modern German and European diplomatic history)Tj T* 0.0349 Tw [(for his scholarship and writing, which includes a 1994 history of W)17.8(orld W)17.8(ar II, )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 535.9929 524.675 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0349 Tw [(A W)17.8(orld at)]TJ -33.5782 -1.2632 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Arms)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 235.9954 512.675 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0143 Tw [(. A large part of his career has been spent helping U.S. Government agencies recov-)]TJ -1.9995 -1.2632 TD 0.0206 Tw [(er)73.9(, declassify)54.8(, and make accessible to the public, historic records, most recently through)]TJ T* 0.0561 Tw (his chairmanship of the IWG Historical Advisory Panel and membership in the Defense)Tj T* 0 Tw (Department)Tj /F6 1 Tf 5.1135 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (s Historical Records Declassification Advisory Panel.)Tj -4.0174 -1.2632 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0402 Tw [(A bit of chance was involved in bringing W)17.6(einberg)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 21.0963 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1571 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.0403 Tw [(s talents into the arena of 20-centu-)]TJ -22.5166 -1.2632 TD 0.1084 Tw [(ry German history)55(.)0( W)17.8(einberg)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 12.1527 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1571 0 TD -0.0101 Tc 0.1084 Tw (s family lived in Germany and experienced the period first-)Tj -12.3098 -1.2632 TD 0.0473 Tw [(hand. In 1938, when W)17.7(einberg was 10, his immediate family was able to flee Germany for)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tw [(England to escape Nazi persecution, later settling in upstate New Y)36.5(o)0(rk in September 1940;)]TJ T* 0.0967 Tw [(unfortunately)54.8(, other members of his family were unable to escape. At 18 he was drafted)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(into the U.S. Army)54.8(, enabling him later to use the G.I. Bill to pursue an advanced degree.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0511 Tw [(Gerhard W)17.8(einberg went to the University of Chicago intending to study 19th-century)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0859 Tw (German diplomatic history from one of the recognized masters in the field. The young)Tj T* 0 Tw (student)Tj /F6 1 Tf 3.2805 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0665 Tw [(s interest was in the diplomacy of the period that led to W)17.8(orld W)17.8(ar I. When he)]TJ -3.4475 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.1525 Tw [(arrived, however)74(, he learned that the expert)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 19.4048 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1526 Tw [(s views on the Iron Chancellor)73.9(, Otto von)]TJ -19.5718 -1.2632 TD 0.0596 Tw [(Bismarck, were so far from his own that he either had to change universities or change)]TJ T* -0.0258 Tw [(centuries. Students of 20th-century diplomatic history are thankful for W)17.8(einberg)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 33.8748 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0258 Tw (s switch. )Tj -32.7787 -1.2421 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.003 Tw [(Before W)17.7(einberg could begin teaching, fate again stepped in and steered him in a dif-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2421 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.3057 Tw (ferent direction, one that would eventually go hand-in-hand with his scholarship.)Tj T* 0.0172 Tw [(W)18(einberg completed his Ph.D. through the university)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 22.7048 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0173 Tw [(s accelerated program in 1951, but)]TJ -22.8718 -1.2421 TD 0.0162 Tw [(the academic market that year was in a severe slump, and there was little chance of get-)]TJ T* 0.0485 Tw (ting a teaching position. Having several recognized publications already under his belt,)Tj T* 0.094 Tw [(he drew the attention of a recruiter for a documents project. The recruiter interviewed)]TJ T* 0.1163 Tw [(W)18(einberg between airplanes at Chicago)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 17.3407 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1162 Tw (s Midway Airport. Finding the young graduate)Tj -17.5078 -1.2421 TD 0.0475 Tw [(interesting, the recruiter extended their interview and ultimately missed his connecting)]TJ T* 0.0959 Tw [(flight, but he landed a new employee for the W)17.8(ar Documentation Project of Columbia)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (University and the U.S. Air Force. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.1089 Tw [(W)18(einberg spent the next 3 years in the old T)54.8(o)0(rpedo Factory in Alexandria, V)17.8(i)0.1(rginia,)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2421 TD -0.013 Tw [(reviewing and arranging classified captured German records from W)17.8(orld W)17.8(a)0(r II. Fresh out)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tw [(of school, with a security clearance and fluency in German, W)17.8(einberg was one of the first)]TJ T* 0.0462 Tw [(scholars to view some of the millions of pages of captured Nazi documents. He worked)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(with other analysts to prepare the finding aid )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 404.2476 155.6749 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Guide to Captured German Documents)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 540.8463 155.6749 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (.)Tj -32.8259 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0927 Tw (When his work with the German records was completed, temporary university posi-)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0022 Tw [(tions followed, first at the University of Chicago, then at the University of Kentucky)54.8(. Only)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1023 Tw [(2 years later)74(, however)74(, W)17.9(einberg was again recruited to examine the captured German)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0277 Tw (records. In 1955, the U.S. Gvernment had decided to open some of the records and return)Tj T* 0.1758 Tw [(many to Germany)54.9(. The American Historical Association responded by raising private)]TJ T* 0.0282 Tw (funds and forming a committee of senior scholars in the field, including Profs. Reginald)Tj T* 0.0645 Tw [(Phelps, L)36.8(ynn Case, and Oron Hale, to establish an unusual public-private microfilming)]TJ T* 0.0072 Tc 0.3677 Tw [(project. The goal was to microfilm the historically valuable materials after the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0534 Tw [(Government had declassified them, but before the materials were shipped to Germany)54.8(,)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (so that scholars would not lose access to these historical documents.)Tj ET 1 1 1 sc 36 738 540 -23.18 re 501.065 35.675 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 37 728 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.3333 Tc 0.0278 Tw (IWG P)Tj 9 0 0 9 90.6475 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc 0 Tw (ROFILE)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 36.49 623.48 94.37 -116.11 re 145.652 728 m f* Q q 1 i 36.49 623.48 94.37 -116.11 re W* n q 95.7447 0 0 117.1208 36.08 506.9192 cm /Im2 Do Q Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.56 w 10 M []0 d 36.49 623.48 94.37 -116.11 re S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 46.6017 494.4827 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Gerhard L. W)17.8(einberg)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 7 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 96 /Height 118 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Length 7033 /Filter /DCTDecode >> stream AdobedC v`"    u!"1A2# QBa$3Rqb%C&4r 5'S6DTsEF7Gc(UVWdte)8fu*9:HIJXYZghijvwxyz?ۮ"RIV} 7x /ɸ$X H8[Xnnn>B!ʊMP:^8c{˚m>B*uM偰a?k'+dSjgTG%:).ಒF*)1Fc5qRPDTx:53Ϡ C֬QɣDⲭ!e}?ڱ&y\1QA<*I#p98"< _bͯ?ܱ$Z㓨p`n .%<-ž,?۞GD3(p:PG,xP9<OՅ ~-#y((x?[K<aw-RSk\4#lDr "[QwEF5WBo~O.c2,>MUH `yrUJ {ndkk/ TkJ^fF%tK; 8>Ҳ(3B=z7'M-ȿ7qgCqň-%H&y?suL5 Tتԇ+zLU~م8F$ݴr"}vsprzhA5ĩ+d1PSrQ x:OS XBj +.ڟSs`jydfP !v0tRGй~NJhl<<xB HA$%D IKzHFX20:4X{@oLKNJHڔd26$cn u@ZۘgDZ%DT(B '$uK\7[N࢓  6$asco@OOX$jֺ  -<ؘur2+ Xݒ.Eoŏ'F!F_u#SnǃZdҌ<ZwDQqQZj4P3P#f5x !J:mUOOꐴTC, Ǖxհշ;E)4Wϳptɂg*ݑ2j٣Ѵڰ3D1:5cb:6G=&ʳfԵ*б}%$'4S:n1Th<PMzʌdGM ^R0Љ1MKUx*ߪ~m8lUvCH*jTezȤxrd4r)̞V0/22|wLtX hiTMU#TIs._#Poqϧ5{A\ZcM߃~oʂ?ӟ,0:aoP\~`ɧO&iUs#G_#5q V+<=4Z93G6t;3sclS3FdL̑ZiIOOQt$_ԁpPM؛3q@ؽAPf4tQ/<M:94y}==6 =_M*zVPWR Xd)Nc3eS|0LtSI -(B1@s>=m[dU]LTfe^,ښx:CG2RR-?&_T~?W{/__J\܃6${UXXqpְy\[ԿuK}ՕSlZp)hjdX\elrcXJ.K MJ嚖!d_ݖ<1I>젅[F4{ɛ` _3AU<4*)V'j*dy67n఻3AY7c0;hUޢpWe\M5-54bi#T&>~`eUa1L2BK9bD_2`. `oY`($U"mF)Sx^$ .FJTgZ<MH.X!F5R{7Ӧ^J鄸U5`zCMe1KZ{ S*T^o~9R9"Y=͍Pn$Wv<\#{nn.GooϹqIoS 7խs|ngWQRqy*Ik+z:J*jy0O,Nb2ln5d?EͰ77Um:-7>ô(%l55J:QS-=*^<]%Mt2'$,J"3mD0(M=ZSFU'0X * -ƀ.}3nѵ风Jw;\dxѦ*g` "*Q[Zۦ#uuQdݏ$UISv:ڹeol̑p כ.M2 Y[gQL,4oSkaBM\S-*:jx߳l+UH ѫX9cqKu?M%lHفMX mMu UcH'ҪoQ-`u^~~E}.8N~ZB>!}%MʹX0p b<6a)5i4Pyv.g0TT8$P=v,b,;M?,S ")(qCs˺cnKqU)+RU1Ҥq‚#!(f(::A~Ư!յ=2.ɻIR! >A, .&:ʊ #eQ`VD*K#dIZ&dMdM@A{0R7cc*TD p,=d" @f6}=sY'Y:l$x$U=e@#I̴rCF{s75kpQoڶ O!a@<.="s°$[MqjKQQoA\ JA c{ԯZ}d/]rl`La"09|J l ~Zgq2LG< X(R4lUH $23Fee_5;Sul('&E Ј)q 'q24lC$nTK؏o(/w66hj hgtGIwfjfN| hCnD <Ʃ)OO66V D+dx͜8=ŷ#^Zyx2RTǩ5ЋD-#29zlA%/~,IWvEmkpn,9Ir~ۛ~{>Ǵv"3&K/j'X E:*j?2;~3}lL+1qaՆziZ\%4JjiX4QBiP1[+| 6K_I'go9"$Jx[xw4~yi)qAa@LR~FX`<ɥ Yf Jدi|CmE!e0!/(eK",#U٨53SLnut[( Ut.C5$"Le:pASK] ES t#R̊ѭc`tt{" մ nOĵ?U@252JIw66ZR͑d3 @`juKi1+A*ڀG+E;y\]I5Y<Q}AC|Zؒ`{d2TU 55k;FԐUx~׵TEWQtQK=j``㠧&U4%Q,Y i|(]3>jݵ۲305ճ0g2<"㥩9Z!??Y-gvǼumNz|a7>(4?6ةE%J5iq>6Q`[*3ձ.\%~>l-L1WK=K۵JN&>ޢjydJJpe߽Qn h22djR,QG4$NfSC MU*H5$A,h̺}v>-ij걫f}nd*> endobj 9 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 52 0 R /F6 48 0 R /F9 37 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 60 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 55 0 R /Cs9 54 0 R >> >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Length 9359 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 394.0543 16.9575 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 216 738 360 -714.79 re 397.946 16.958 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 229 729.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0651 Tw [(I met with V)36.8(erner Clapp, who was the assistant Librarian of Congress when the ini-)]TJ -1.5971 -1.2632 TD -0.0183 Tw (tiative was first organized and discussed in October 1955,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 24.3339 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0183 Tw [( said W)17.8(einberg, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.7621 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD -0.0184 Tw (It was a meet-)Tj -31.7639 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1563 Tw [(ing of the government agencies and private scholars)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 23.3502 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1563 Tw (very senior people)Tj /F6 1 Tf 8.1484 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1563 Tw (who were)Tj -33.4984 -1.2632 TD 0.0062 Tw [(interested in this project and I was there because I was one of the very few people in the)]TJ T* 0.0166 Tw (country who had the qualifications needed and they thought I was the person to do this)Tj T* 0 Tw (project.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 3.2515 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0827 Tw [( Earlier W)17.8(einberg had published the guide to the captured German records as)]TJ -3.5854 -1.2632 TD 0.1461 Tw (well as a book on German-Soviet relations, had studied modern German history and)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(diplomacy)54.8(, and had already examined the then-classified records. )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0345 Tw [(It was an incredible feeling to be asked to run this program. I was 27 and had not even)]TJ -1.5971 -1.2632 TD 0.0477 Tw (held a regular academic job yet,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 13.8513 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0477 Tw [( said W)17.8(einberg. )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.9603 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD 0.0476 Tw (It was an honor to have the responsi-)Tj -21.4794 -1.2631 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1762 Tw (bility of the specific issues and questions concerning what should and shouldn)Tj /F6 1 Tf 35.6461 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.222 0 TD 0.1762 Tw (t be)Tj -35.8681 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0063 Tw (filmed, what procedures should and shouldn)Tj /F6 1 Tf 19.088 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.222 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0063 Tw [(t be used. These people listened to me and)]TJ -19.31 -1.2631 TD 0.0251 Tw (paid attention.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.3622 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD ( )Tj -5.433 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.099 Tw [(Having examined the material previously)54.8(, W)17.8(einberg did have an advantage, making)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1974 Tw (judgments on what knowledge was coming out, whether better material might later)Tj T* 0.0533 Tw [(emerge, or if nothing more would come out later)73.9(, and how what was being declassified)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (and returned to Germany fit into the broader picture of the era.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0355 Tw [(In 1956, W)17.8(einberg began his academic career in earnest, with an assistant professor-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.2365 Tw [(ship at the University of Kentucky)54.9(. He soon joined the faculty at the University of)]TJ T* 0.1347 Tw [(Michigan, Ann Arbor)73.9(, where he stayed until 1974, when he became the William Rand)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(Kenan, Jr)73.9(., Professor of History at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.0305 Tw [(Y)37(et, as he puts it, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.7591 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD 0.0305 Tw [(I have in one way or another never gotten out of the records busi-)]TJ -9.3562 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (ness.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.1957 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0665 Tw [( He returned several summers to the microfilming project as a consultant. In the)]TJ -2.5297 -1.2632 TD 0.1487 Tw (1970s, he served on the Joint Committee of the American Historical Association, the)Tj T* 0.0009 Tc 0.374 Tw (Organization of American Historians, and the Society of American Archivists on)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.3294 Tw (Historians and Archives. In 1982, he was asked to chair the American Historical)Tj T* 0 Tw (Association)Tj /F6 1 Tf 5.0016 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(s conference group for Central European History)55(.)0( And from 1982 to 1984, he)]TJ -5.1687 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw (was vice president for research at the American Historical Association.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1814 Tw [(W)18(einberg believes that his understanding of archival issues such as deteriorating)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.3588 Tw [(paper)73.9(, security classification, and declassification, led to his inclusion on the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1551 Tw [(Department of Defense Historical Records Declassification Advisory Panel. The panel)]TJ T* 0.0177 Tw [(was set up in 1995 to deal with Executive Order 12958, requiring automatic declassifica-)]TJ T* 0.1602 Tw [(tion of historically valuable 25-year)36.8(-old records. Chair Alfred Goldberg and the other)]TJ T* 0.2228 Tw (Government and citizen members have helped the Defense Department respond to)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (Executive Order 12958 requirements.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.035 Tw [(What was striking to W)17.8(einberg in the early days of the Defense Department declassi-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1724 Tw [(fication panel, was how uncertain the Department was of the number of 25-year)36.8(-old)]TJ T* 0.026 Tw [(secret documents it held. The number reported to the panel would change from time to)]TJ T* 0 Tw (time)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.9446 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (by the millions.)Tj -1.6813 -1.2632 TD 0.1513 Tw [(Locating and identifying records that are relevant under the Nazi W)17.8(ar Crimes and)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0048 Tw (Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Acts)Tj /F6 1 Tf 19.988 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0048 Tw (given the sheer volume of agency hold-)Tj -20.9879 -1.2632 TD 0 Tw (ings)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.7787 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.3737 Tw [(has been a challenge for the Nazi W)17.8(ar Crimes and Japanese Government)]TJ -2.7787 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw [(Interagency W)17.8(orking Group. It is one that W)17.8(einberg has helped the group understand.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0612 Tw [(In February 2000, W)17.8(einberg was named Chair of the Historical Advisory Panel \(HAP\))]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0118 Tw [(of the IWG. The group provides advice to the IWG public and agency members and to the)]TJ T* 0.073 Tw [(IWG historians for the effort to locate and declassify records. Meeting twice a year)73.9(, the)]TJ T* 0.0025 Tw (HAP suggests to the IWG where agencies may find records relevant under the legislation)Tj T* 0.0299 Tw [(and how they can most effectively conduct their searches. Under W)17.8(einberg)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 32.0402 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0299 Tw (s leadership,)Tj -32.2073 -1.2632 TD 0.1847 Tw (the members tap into their own experience conducting historical research and their)Tj T* 0.0413 Tw [(knowledge of the current body of W)17.8(orld W)17.8(ar II scholarship to provide the IWG with per-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (spectives privy only to historians.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0019 Tw [(He makes no secret of his concern about the dangers of maintaining ever)36.8(-larger num-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0004 Tw (bers of secret Government documents. While there are some documents that need to be)Tj T* 0.1498 Tw (kept classified, he says, many materials)Tj /F6 1 Tf 17.5569 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1498 Tw (especially those that fall under the blanket)Tj -18.5568 -1.2632 TD 0.156 Tw (exemptions because they contain foreign government information or point to intelli-)Tj T* 0.053 Tw (gence sources and methods)Tj /F6 1 Tf 12.0793 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.053 Tw (no longer warrant security classification. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 17.772 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.053 Tw (Under the gen-)Tj -31.1852 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.0101 Tw (eral rule,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 3.7896 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0101 Tw [( he says, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 3.9196 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0101 Tw [(that was lifted only temporarily by the disclosure laws, these materi-)]TJ -8.377 -1.2632 TD 0.0301 Tw (als don)Tj /F6 1 Tf 3.1704 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.222 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0301 Tw (t have to be looked at for declassification. 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But, as these documents illustrate, the rela-)]TJ T* 0.039 Tw [(tionship entailed certain problems. In building his organization, Gehlen recruited some)]TJ T* 0.0929 Tw (former members of the SS. Besides the troubling moral issues involved, these recruit-)Tj T* 0.1268 Tw [(ments opened the W)17.7(est German Government, and by extension the United States, to)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (penetration by the Soviet intelligence services. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2421 TD -0.0056 Tw (Among these new documents is a formerly classified two-volume CIA history )Tj /F6 1 Tf 32.8635 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (Forging)Tj -34.4606 -1.2421 TD 0.0736 Tw [(an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 28.5802 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.4999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (49.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.2498 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0736 Tw [( The history is a)]TJ -30.6639 -1.2421 TD 0.0211 Tw (compilation of key documents on the U.S relationship with Gehlen and his organization)Tj T* -0.0355 Tw [(in the early postwar period. Besides this history)55(,)0( material includes the name files of some)]TJ T* 0.0454 Tw (of Gehlen)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.1857 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0454 Tw (s associates, including the former SS officer Heinz Felfe, who was exposed as)Tj -4.3527 -1.2421 TD 0.086 Tw (a Soviet mole in 1963. Additional information about Gehlen will be available from the)Tj T* 0.0249 Tw [(forthcoming Army IRR)-250.1(Gehlen file.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11.76 0 0 12 358.6996 117.846 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 207 741 m 207 39 l S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 394.0543 16.9683 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 216 738 360 -106.08 re 397.946 16.968 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 229 729.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0519 Tw [(Fortunately)54.9(, these records, as a result of the Nazi W)17.8(ar Crimes and Japanese Imperial)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.1537 Tw [(Government Disclosure Acts, are being fully examined. W)17.8(einberg said, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 31.5385 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (It)Tj /F6 1 Tf 0.6129 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1538 Tw (s clear that)Tj -32.6524 -1.2421 TD 0.0261 Tw (massive amounts of material are coming out, which will be of enormous interest to his-)Tj T* 0.0533 Tw (torians in the future.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 8.9434 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0533 Tw [( He predicts that )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.605 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0533 Tw (the IWG will result in the substantial filling-out)Tj -17.2164 -1.2421 TD 0.0947 Tw [(of our understanding of many very important events of WWII and the early part of the)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0035 Tw [(Cold W)17.9(a)0(r)74(,)0.1( when various dubious characters either were recruited by our government)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 35.7944 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (or)Tj -36.7943 -1.2421 TD 0.0697 Tw [(not recruited on the basis of careful checking.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 19.9385 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0697 Tw [( He said, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.2092 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0697 Tw (I think that)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.8095 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0697 Tw (s all going to look)Tj -29.7921 -1.2421 TD 0.025 Tw [(rather different in 20 years when people have worked on the newly opened records.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 35.6718 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD ( )Tj /F6 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 561.6666 646.275 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 216 629.22 360 -263.63 re 567.667 646.275 m W* n 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n q 0 -0.8566 -1.1674 0 0 0 cm /Cs5 CS 0.788 0.843 0.89 SC 0 J 0 j 6.254 w 10 M []0 d -732.746 -494.255 m -732.746 -184.159 l S 0.792 0.843 0.894 SC -726.783 -494.255 m -726.783 -184.159 l S 0.796 0.847 0.894 SC -720.82 -494.255 m -720.82 -184.159 l S 0.8 0.851 0.894 SC -714.856 -494.255 m -714.856 -184.159 l S 0.804 0.851 0.898 SC -708.893 -494.255 m -708.893 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-512.102 -184.159 l S 0.949 0.961 0.973 SC -506.138 -494.255 m -506.138 -184.159 l -500.175 -494.255 m -500.175 -184.159 l S 0.957 0.965 0.976 SC -494.212 -494.255 m -494.212 -184.159 l S 0.961 0.969 0.976 SC -488.248 -494.255 m -488.248 -184.159 l S 0.965 0.969 0.98 SC -482.285 -494.255 m -482.285 -184.159 l S 0.969 0.976 0.984 SC -476.321 -494.255 m -476.321 -184.159 l -470.358 -494.255 m -470.358 -184.159 l S 0.976 0.98 0.988 SC -464.395 -494.255 m -464.395 -184.159 l S 0.98 0.984 0.988 SC -458.431 -494.255 m -458.431 -184.159 l S 0.984 0.984 0.988 SC -452.468 -494.255 m -452.468 -184.159 l S 0.988 0.988 0.992 SC -446.505 -494.255 m -446.505 -184.159 l S 0.992 0.996 0.996 SC -440.541 -494.255 m -440.541 -184.159 l S 0.996 0.996 0.996 SC -434.578 -494.255 m -434.578 -184.159 l S 1 1 1 SC -428.614 -494.255 m -428.614 -184.159 l S Q Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 612.0952 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0276 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(The IWG Historical Advisory Panel)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 598.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1159 Tw (The HAP recommends measures to improve the effectiveness of the IWG and the)Tj 0 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw (Federal agencies in implementing the disclosure laws. )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.31 0 0 9.5 226 570.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0113 Tc -0.0202 Tw [(Ger)9.5(hard W)29.5(einberg)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.31 0 0 9.5 301.9017 570.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0101 Tc -0.018 Tw [(, professor emeritus at the University of North Carolina, Chairperson)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 554.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1615 Tw (Rebecca Boehling)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 305.6776 554.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1454 Tw (, professor of history at the University of Maryland, Baltimore)Tj -8.3871 -1.2632 TD 0.0452 Tw [(County)54.9(, and author of )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 318.2768 542.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0452 Tw (A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reform and Economic Recovery in)Tj -9.7133 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw (Postwar Germany)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 514.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0002 Tc 0.1786 Tw (James Critchfield)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 301.0312 514.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1606 Tw (, U.S. Army officer from 1939 until 1956, subsequently head of)Tj -7.898 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw (Eastern European and Middle East Operations for the Central Intelligence Agency)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 486.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0469 Tw (Peter Hayes)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 278.1598 486.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0422 Tw [(, professor of history at Northwestern University and author of )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 536.4448 486.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Industry)Tj -32.6784 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw (and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 458.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.117 Tw (Linda Goetz Holmes)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 314.7747 458.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1054 Tw [(, former editor at CBS T)54.9(elevision and author of )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 514.3976 458.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1054 Tw (4000 Bowls of)Tj -30.3576 -1.2632 TD 0.1802 Tw [(Rice: A Prisoner of W)17.8(ar Comes Home)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 369.7661 446.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0.1802 Tw (\(1994\) and )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 418.5979 446.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1802 Tw (Unjust Enrichment)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 491.1705 446.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0.1802 Tw [(\(2001\), a study of)]TJ -27.9127 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0185 Tw (Japanese companies)Tj /F6 1 Tf 8.7709 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.2219 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0184 Tw [( use of American prisoners of war in the Pacific in W)17.7(orld W)17.8(ar II)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.31 0 0 9.5 226 418.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0168 Tc 0.0114 Tw (Christopher Simpson)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.31 0 0 9.5 311.0742 418.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0151 Tc 0.0103 Tw (, instructor at the American University)Tj /F6 1 Tf 15.6958 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1519 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0103 Tw (s School of Communication)Tj -24.9857 -1.2632 TD -0.015 Tc 0.0249 Tw [(and author of )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 9.31 0 0 9.5 280.894 406.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0151 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Blowback: America)54.9(s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold W)17.8(a)0.1(r)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 390.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0105 Tw [(Ronald W)91.7(.)0( Zweig)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 297.6436 390.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0095 Tw [(, senior lecturer in Jewish History at T)54.8(el A)36.8(viv University and author)]TJ -7.5414 -1.2632 TD 0 Tw (of )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 236.533 378.0792 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(German Reparations and the Jewish W)17.8(orld)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 217 333.0362 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(More CIA Name Files Released)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 319.0202 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Continued from page 2.)Tj ET Q q 1 i 216 354.01 360 -2.51 re 299.503 319.02 m W* n 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 215 350.504 362.01 4.506 re f 215 350.504 362.01 4.506 re f 0.996 0.996 0.996 sc 215.704 350.504 360.601 4.506 re f 0.992 0.996 0.996 sc 216.409 350.504 359.192 4.506 re f 0.988 0.988 0.992 sc 217.113 350.504 357.784 4.506 re f 0.984 0.984 0.988 sc 217.817 350.504 356.375 4.506 re f 0.98 0.984 0.988 sc 218.521 350.504 354.967 4.506 re f 0.976 0.98 0.988 sc 219.226 350.504 353.558 4.506 re f 0.969 0.976 0.984 sc 219.93 350.504 352.149 4.506 re f 220.634 350.504 350.741 4.506 re f 0.965 0.969 0.98 sc 221.339 350.504 349.332 4.506 re f 0.961 0.969 0.976 sc 222.043 350.504 347.924 4.506 re f 0.957 0.965 0.976 sc 222.747 350.504 346.515 4.506 re f 0.949 0.961 0.973 sc 223.452 350.504 345.106 4.506 re f 224.156 350.504 343.698 4.506 re f 0.945 0.953 0.969 sc 224.86 350.504 342.289 4.506 re f 0.937 0.949 0.965 sc 225.564 350.504 340.881 4.506 re f 226.269 350.504 339.472 4.506 re f 0.933 0.945 0.961 sc 226.973 350.504 338.063 4.506 re f 0.925 0.941 0.961 sc 227.677 350.504 336.655 4.506 re f 228.382 350.504 335.246 4.506 re f 0.918 0.933 0.957 sc 229.086 350.504 333.838 4.506 re f 0.914 0.933 0.953 sc 229.79 350.504 332.429 4.506 re f 0.914 0.929 0.953 sc 230.495 350.504 331.02 4.506 re f 0.906 0.925 0.949 sc 231.199 350.504 329.612 4.506 re f 0.902 0.922 0.945 sc 231.903 350.504 328.203 4.506 re f 232.607 350.504 326.795 4.506 re f 0.894 0.918 0.941 sc 233.312 350.504 325.386 4.506 re f 0.894 0.914 0.941 sc 234.016 350.504 323.977 4.506 re f 0.886 0.91 0.937 sc 234.72 350.504 322.569 4.506 re f 0.882 0.906 0.937 sc 235.425 350.504 321.16 4.506 re f 0.878 0.906 0.937 sc 236.129 350.504 319.752 4.506 re f 0.875 0.902 0.933 sc 236.833 350.504 318.343 4.506 re f 0.871 0.898 0.929 sc 237.538 350.504 316.935 4.506 re f 0.867 0.898 0.929 sc 238.242 350.504 315.526 4.506 re f 0.863 0.894 0.925 sc 238.946 350.504 314.117 4.506 re f 0.855 0.89 0.922 sc 239.65 350.504 312.709 4.506 re f 0.855 0.886 0.922 sc 240.355 350.504 311.3 4.506 re f 0.847 0.882 0.918 sc 241.059 350.504 309.892 4.506 re f 0.843 0.878 0.918 sc 241.763 350.504 308.483 4.506 re f 0.839 0.878 0.918 sc 242.468 350.504 307.074 4.506 re f 0.835 0.875 0.914 sc 243.172 350.504 305.666 4.506 re f 0.831 0.871 0.91 sc 243.876 350.504 304.257 4.506 re f 0.827 0.867 0.91 sc 244.581 350.504 302.848 4.506 re f 0.824 0.863 0.906 sc 245.285 350.504 301.44 4.506 re f 0.82 0.863 0.906 sc 245.989 350.504 300.031 4.506 re f 0.812 0.859 0.902 sc 246.693 350.504 298.623 4.506 re f 0.808 0.855 0.898 sc 247.398 350.504 297.214 4.506 re f 0.804 0.855 0.898 sc 248.102 350.504 295.805 4.506 re f 0.8 0.851 0.894 sc 248.806 350.504 294.397 4.506 re f 0.796 0.847 0.894 sc 249.511 350.504 292.988 4.506 re f 0.792 0.843 0.894 sc 250.215 350.504 291.58 4.506 re f 0.788 0.843 0.89 sc 250.919 350.504 290.171 4.506 re f 0.784 0.839 0.886 sc 251.624 350.504 288.763 4.506 re f 0.78 0.835 0.886 sc 252.328 350.504 287.354 4.506 re f 0.776 0.831 0.882 sc 253.032 350.504 285.945 4.506 re f 0.769 0.827 0.878 sc 253.736 350.504 284.537 4.506 re f 254.441 350.504 283.128 4.506 re f 0.765 0.824 0.878 sc 255.145 350.504 281.72 4.506 re f 0.761 0.82 0.875 sc 255.849 350.504 280.311 4.506 re f 0.757 0.816 0.871 sc 256.554 350.504 278.902 4.506 re f 0.753 0.812 0.871 sc 257.258 350.504 277.494 4.506 re f 0.749 0.812 0.871 sc 257.962 350.504 276.085 4.506 re f 0.745 0.808 0.867 sc 258.667 350.504 274.677 4.506 re f 0.741 0.804 0.863 sc 259.371 350.504 273.268 4.506 re f 0.737 0.804 0.863 sc 260.075 350.504 271.859 4.506 re f 0.733 0.8 0.859 sc 260.779 350.504 270.451 4.506 re f 0.729 0.796 0.855 sc 261.484 350.504 269.042 4.506 re f 0.725 0.792 0.855 sc 262.188 350.504 267.634 4.506 re f 0.722 0.788 0.855 sc 262.892 350.504 266.225 4.506 re f 0.718 0.788 0.851 sc 263.597 350.504 264.816 4.506 re f 0.714 0.784 0.847 sc 264.301 350.504 263.408 4.506 re f 0.71 0.78 0.847 sc 265.005 350.504 261.999 4.506 re f 0.706 0.776 0.843 sc 265.71 350.504 260.591 4.506 re f 266.414 350.504 259.182 4.506 re f 0.698 0.773 0.839 sc 267.118 350.504 257.773 4.506 re f 0.694 0.769 0.835 sc 267.822 350.504 256.365 4.506 re f 0.694 0.765 0.835 sc 268.527 350.504 254.956 4.506 re f 0.69 0.761 0.831 sc 269.231 350.504 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Edwards, an Army Counter Intelligence Corps \(CIC\) vet-)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD 0.0187 Tw [(eran of W)17.8(orld W)17.8(ar II in the Pacific, and learned that he had been involved in the capture)]TJ T* 0.0558 Tw [(of Japanese records, beginning in Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, with the 41st CIC dur-)]TJ T* -0.0257 Tw (ing the spring of 1944. Because of my interest in the disposition of the captured Japanese)Tj T* 0.0418 Tw [(records, I asked him what he did with them. The answer was that they were turned over)]TJ T* 0.3182 Tw [(to A)54.9(TIS, Allied T)36.8(ranslator and Interpreter Section \(SWP)36.8(A\), under General Douglas)]TJ T* 0.0253 Tw [(MacArthur)73.9(. 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Perhaps most important in terms of organizational size and)Tj T* 0.0471 Tw [(quantity of captured records was A)54.8(TIS. The records of these organiza-)]TJ T* -0.0365 Tw [(tions are located at the ˹ֳ and Records Administration,)]TJ T* 0.2142 Tw (in various Record Groups, and provide a wealth of information to)Tj T* 0.1186 Tw (researchers about Japanese activities and Allied knowledge of those)Tj T* 0 Tw (activities. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0196 Tw [(Established on September 19, 1942, and headquartered in a suburb)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.164 Tw [(of Brisbane, Australia, A)54.9(TIS eventually would grow to include more)]TJ T* 0.0169 Tw [(than 2,500 personnel. A)54.9(TIS worked closely with the U.S. Army Counter)]TJ -7.7804 -1.2632 TD 0.0684 Tw (Intelligence Corps \(CIC\) and Allied military forces in obtaining documents and interro-)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(gating prisoners of war)73.9(.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1073 Tw [(There were two major components of A)54.9(TIS)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 18.6533 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1073 Tw [(s work. Interrogation was one. A)54.9(TIS pro-)]TJ -20.0835 -1.2632 TD -0.0022 Tw (duced 779 interrogation reports, based upon information elicited from more than 10,000)Tj T* 0.0101 Tc 0.3648 Tw [(prisoners of war)73.9(. The other major component was translation and publication.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0589 Tw (Documents flowed from military operations to Brisbane, where a document conference)Tj T* 0.0096 Tw [(was held to discuss the importance of every document in terms of priority and degree of)]TJ T* 0.0465 Tw (translation. Based on these discussions, the form of dissemination of the newly gained)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (intelligence was determined.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0367 Tw [(A)55(TIS produced numerous types of publications, and these were widely distributed to)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0199 Tw [(Allied military and intelligence organizations. There were A)54.9(TIS bulletins, more than 2,000)]TJ T* 0.0261 Tw (of them, issued two or three times a week. They highlighted newly acquired documents,)Tj T* -0.032 Tw [(often with a brief translation, and what A)54.9(TIS planned to do with the information. Detailed)]TJ T* -0.015 Tw (translations followed weekly in the form of )Tj /F6 1 Tf 18.3185 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.015 Tw (current translation and enemy)Tj /F6 1 Tf 12.8769 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.015 Tw [( publications.)]TJ -31.8632 -1.2632 TD 0.1065 Tw [(A)55(TIS also produced research reports, based on documents related to a single subject.)]TJ T* -0.0366 Tw [(Among them: Report No. 84, dealing with The Japanese and Bacterial W)17.8(arfare; Report No.)]TJ T* 0.0374 Tw [(117, Infringement of the Laws of W)17.8(ar and Ethics by the Japanese Medical Corps; Report)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0006 Tw (No. 119, on the Japanese Military Police Service; Report 133, The Palawan Massacre; and)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Research Report No. 72, Japanese V)17.7(iolations of the Laws of W)17.8(a)-0.1(r)73.9(.)-0.1( )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0079 Tw [(In the United States, there were also several units translating captured Japanese doc-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1935 Tw [(uments. The W)17.8(ashington Document Center \(WDC\), jointly run by the Navy and W)17.8(a)-0.1(r)]TJ T* 0.0767 Tw [(Departments, began in 1943 and became a major center of translation. W)17.7(ork also took)]TJ T* 0.0789 Tw (place at the Military Intelligence Service Language School at Fort Snelling, Minnesota;)Tj T* 0.1034 Tw [(the Far Eastern Unit of the Office of Naval Intelligence in W)17.8(a)0(shington, DC; and at the)]TJ T* 0.3359 Tw [(Pacific Area Command Military Intelligence Research Service \(P)36.8(ACMIRS\) at Camp)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (Ritchie, Maryland. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0219 Tw (Because of the multitude of translation agencies, the increasing quantity of captured)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.2287 Tw [(Japanese documents, and the high demand for translators in the Pacific Theater)73.9(, a)]TJ T* 0.2557 Tw [(Japanese Document Conference was held at the Pentagon from December 1944 to)]TJ T* 0.0899 Tw [(January 1945 to sort out the division of labor)73.9(. Based on conference recommendations,)]TJ T* 0.1675 Tw [(the WDC became, on February 14, 1945, the central agency for initially handling the)]TJ T* 0.0136 Tw [(lower)36.8(-priority captured Japanese documents, and it was tasked with passing on material)]TJ ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 205.267 716.013 m 205.267 36.003 l S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 37 728 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 48.3443 728 Tm 0.4445 Tc (HE)Tj 12 0 0 12 76.014 728 Tm 0 Tc (E)Tj 9 0 0 9 87.3465 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc [(XPLOIT)36.8(A)55(T)0.1(ION)-852.3(O)0(F)]TJ 12 0 0 12 223.8707 728 Tm 0 Tc (C)Tj 9 0 0 9 235.2033 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (APTURED)Tj 12 0 0 12 311.8871 728 Tm 0 Tc (J)Tj 9 0 0 9 319.871 728 Tm 0.4445 Tc [(AP)36.7(ANESE)]TJ 12 0 0 12 394.709 728 Tm 0 Tc (R)Tj 9 0 0 9 406.7154 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (ECORDS)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 36.28 592.37 236.35 -170.59 re 466.22 728 m f* Q q 1 i 36.28 592.37 236.35 -170.59 re W* n q 238.3644 0 0 172.0332 35.53 421.0468 cm /Im3 Do Q Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.56 w 10 M []0 d 36.28 592.37 236.35 -170.59 re S /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 36 407.97 166.5 -116.15 re f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 36.9999 399.8467 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Central Interrogation Center was one )Tj 0 -1.2632 TD (of the most important operation sections of)Tj T* [(A)55(TIS during the occupation of Japan. Seated )]TJ T* (is Chief of Section, Maf G. L. Disharoon; )Tj T* [(standing \(L to R\) are 1st Lt R. J. Fair)73.9(, )]TJ T* [(1st Lt T)91.7(.)0( D. Kihara, 1st Lt H. H. T)54.8(sutsui, )]TJ T* [(1st Lt H. Masuyama, 1st Lt W)91.7(.)-0.1( G.)]TJ T* [(McKechnie. 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Higher)36.8(-priority docu-)]TJ T* 0.0885 Tw (ments, those of often-immediate tactical or strategic purposes, continued to be trans-)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(lated and exploited in the Pacific Theater)73.9(.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0354 Tw (In early 1945, the floodgates opened with thousands of documents being sent to the)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.131 Tw (WDC. During the period March 4, 1945, through October 21, 1945, the WDC received,)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0086 Tw (processed, and disseminated 146,324 Japanese documents ranging from military records)Tj T* 0.0977 Tw [(to encyclopedia sets. By the time of the Japanese surrender)73.9(, A)54.9(TIS itself had processed)]TJ T* 0.0029 Tw (more than 350,000 captured documents, equivalent to an estimated 4.2 million pages or)Tj T* 0.0251 Tw [(about 1,500 cubic feet.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.032 Tw [(The surrender of the Japanese did not bring about the end to the work of WDC, A)54.9(TIS,)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1403 Tw [(or P)36.8(ACMIRS. One major focus was war crimes prosecution assistance. On August 29,)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0023 Tw [(1945, a second Japanese Document Conference was convened in W)17.9(ashington, DC, where)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0384 Tw (it was agreed that an advanced echelon of WDC be established in Japan to assist in the)Tj T* 0.2002 Tw [(scanning, screening, and transferring of selected Japanese documents to the United)]TJ T* 0.1498 Tw (States. Full-scale operations for the WDC Advanced Echelon began on December 24,)Tj T* 0.0485 Tw [(1945. The Echelon processed documents from various ministries, shipping some to the)]TJ T* 0.0347 Tw (United States. The documents or reproductions of them were available to theater agen-)Tj T* 0.0384 Tw [(cies, with priority given to the urgent work of the International Prosecution Section and)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (the Army Counter Intelligence Corps.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0981 Tw [(Around the same time, A)54.9(TIS W)17.8(ar Crimes Echelons were established in both Manila)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0812 Tw [(and T)54.9(okyo to supply information needed in the prosecution of Japanese war criminals.)]TJ T* 0.0618 Tw [(And in the United States, P)36.8(ACMIRS was also quite busy)54.8(. During the spring of 1946, the)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(unit produced 20 P)36.8(ACMIRS W)17.8(ar Crimes Information Series publications. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0278 Tw (By the end of March 1946, the main work of the WDC Advance Echelon was complet-)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0109 Tw [(ed, and it returned to W)17.8(ashington. A newly organized A)54.9(TIS Document Section continued)]TJ T* 0.0457 Tw [(its work. By November 1946, 477,894 documents \(some 2,000 cubic feet of records\) and)]TJ T* 0.0044 Tw [(numerous books and periodicals were shipped from Japan to the W)17.7(ashington Document)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Center)73.9(. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0327 Tw (When the records got to the WDC, detailed accessioning lists were prepared and wide-)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0304 Tw [(ly distributed. Some of the documents were translated and published. By mid-1947, the)]TJ T* 0.0087 Tw [(work of the WDC, then operated by the Central Intelligence Group \(a predecessor organ-)]TJ T* 0.1827 Tw [(ization to the CIA\), was completed, and in 1948 the records were transferred to the)]TJ T* 0.0558 Tw (˹ֳ. The WDC also sent the Library of Congress a substantial quantity of)Tj T* 0.2478 Tw (books, newspapers, and periodicals, some of which were subsequently sent to the)Tj 13.0748 -1.2632 TD 0.3459 Tw (˹ֳ. The records the ˹ֳ)Tj 1.9591 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.0579 Tw [(acquired were returned to Japan a decade later)74(,)0( with)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0038 Tw (the approval of Congress and the military and intelli-)Tj T* 0.0085 Tw [(gence agencies that had either captured them and/or)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(might have further need to exploit them.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0457 Tw [(During the wartime and postwar periods, the U.S.)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1072 Tw (Government certainly knew what captured or seized)Tj T* 0.2622 Tw (Japanese records its agencies had and that these)Tj T* 0.314 Tw (records were exploited for a variety of purposes.)Tj T* 0.0308 Tw [(There is also no doubt that these records were avail-)]TJ T* 0.0621 Tw (able and exploited at the time for war crimes prose-)Tj T* 0.0124 Tw (cution efforts. Many of the captured documents were)Tj -8.333 -1.2632 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0024 Tw (used in the trials, and these records now reside at the ˹ֳ.)Tj -5.4378 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2465 Tw (Although the ˹ֳ does not have the original Japanese documents)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1576 Tw (received from the WDC, the agency does have microfilm of some of the records and)Tj T* 0.0182 Tw (copies of the WDC accessioning lists. The Library of Congress has microfilm of that por-)Tj T* 0.1116 Tw (tion of the WDC/˹ֳ collection that was filmed by historians before the)Tj T* 0.0251 Tw [(records were returned to Japan.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.1508 Tw (Another substantial and significant body of records held by the ˹ֳ)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0765 Tw [(consists of the thousands of boxes containing the documentation created by A)54.8(T)0(IS, the)]TJ T* 0.0068 Tw (WDC, and the other involved agencies. These records are based on information from the)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (Japanese documents as well as translations of all or part of many of the important files. )Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 207 738 m 207 36 l S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 394.0543 16.9683 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj 13 0 0 13 46.3805 632.8552 Tm -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw (The surrender of the)Tj 0 -1.1538 TD (Japanese did not bring)Tj T* (about the end to the )Tj T* [(work of WDC, A)54.7(TIS, )]TJ T* [(or P)36.6(ACMIRS.)]TJ ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 5 w 10 M []0 d 38.496 645.544 m 38.496 567.004 l S /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 180.52 175.75 m 175.13 159.57 l 27.49 151.28 l 29.95 375.57 l 178.82 375.57 l 178.82 310.47 l 195.11 312.17 l 213.91 312.73 l 228.06 315 l 250.71 311.04 l 269.23 309.34 l 310.71 310.47 l 324.29 309.34 l 342.97 306.51 l 358.82 306.51 l 358.82 178.19 l 343.54 177.45 l 332.44 179.42 l 304.69 178.19 l 271.08 172.35 l 238.82 168.39 l 200.89 170.5 l 180.52 175.75 l f* Q q 1 i 180.52 175.75 m 175.13 159.57 l 27.49 151.28 l 29.95 375.57 l 178.82 375.57 l 178.82 310.47 l 195.11 312.17 l 213.91 312.73 l 228.06 315 l 250.71 311.04 l 269.23 309.34 l 310.71 310.47 l 324.29 309.34 l 342.97 306.51 l 358.82 306.51 l 358.82 178.19 l 343.54 177.45 l 332.44 179.42 l 304.69 178.19 l 271.08 172.35 l 238.82 168.39 l 200.89 170.5 l 180.52 175.75 l W* n q 332.2876 0 0 215.4081 27.01 155.6119 cm /Im4 Do Q Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 499.8855 39.0897 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Continued on page 9.)Tj -48.7248 10.835 TD [(RG 407, Records of the Adjutant )]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD 0 Tw (General)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.8347 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F11 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD 0.0249 Tw (s Office, 1917)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.1882 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F11 1 Tf 0.5 0 TD 0.025 Tw (, Unit Reports, )Tj -8.6899 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc [(A)55(TIS Research Report No. 72, dated )]TJ T* 0 Tc (April 29, 1944.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 332 /Height 216 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Length 40074 /Filter /DCTDecode >> stream AdobedC L"    u!"1A2# QBa$3Rqb%C&4r 5'S6DTsEF7Gc(UVWdte)8fu*9:HIJXYZghijvwxyz?Y(G6XԻ?Вa3EKA5RHSʧ~@OSoKO! 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After numerous requests from Japan, the United States returned)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0249 Tw [(those records in the 1950s and 1960s. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0713 Tw (Members of the U.S. Congress and several IWG members have been concerned that)Tj -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0834 Tw [(the return of the captured documents meant that classified information related to war)]TJ T* 0.1792 Tw [(crimes \(and to the work of the Nazi W)17.8(ar Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(Records Interagency W)17.8(orking Group\) may have been included in the shipments. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.2729 Tw [(In the fall of 1999, Congressman T)54.9(om Lantos wrote to Keizo Obuchi, who was)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0856 Tw (Japanese Prime Minister at that time, and queried Japanese policy in regards to )Tj /F6 1 Tf 35.1825 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (open)Tj -35.5164 -1.2632 TD (access)Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.7775 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2479 Tw [( to Japanese military and diplomatic archives. The Japanese Ambassador to)]TJ -3.1114 -1.2632 TD 0.048 Tw [(W)18(ashington at that time, Shunji Y)36.8(anai, exchanged letters with Mr)73.9(. Lantos. They eventu-)]TJ T* 0.1713 Tw (ally met in the spring of 2000, and the Ambassador provided information about the)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(archives in T)54.8(okyo.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0634 Tw [(As a result of those exchanges, the IWG, with assistance from the State Department)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0082 Tw [(in W)17.8(ashington and the U.S. Embassy in T)54.9(okyo, contracted with Naotaka Ikeda, a special-)]TJ T* 0.0923 Tw (ist in Japanese Diplomatic History \(1930s)Tj /F6 1 Tf 18.0509 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.4999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0923 Tw (1970s\) at Kokugakuin University in Shibuya,)Tj -18.5508 -1.2632 TD -0.031 Tw [(T)54.9(okyo, to visit the T)54.9(okyo archives to clarify what is openly available to researchers. He vis-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (ited the following archives to review document holdings and access requirements:)Tj 0 -1.4737 TD [(1.)-197.5(Kokuritsu-kobunsho-kan \(the ˹ֳ of Japan\), Chiyoda-ku, T)54.9(okyo.)]TJ 0 -1.5789 TD -0.0151 Tc [(2.)-227.5(Boei-toshokan \(the National Institute for Defense Studies Library\), Meguro-ku, T)54.9(okyo.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc [(3.)-197.5(Gaikou-shiryokan \(the Diplomatic Records Office\), Ministry of Foreign Affairs,)]TJ 0.9474 -1.2632 TD [(Azabudai, Minato-ku, T)54.9(okyo.)]TJ -0.9474 -1.5789 TD [(4.)-197.5(Homu-T)54.9(oshokan \(the Ministry of Justice Library\), Chiyoda-ku, T)54.9(okyo.)]TJ T* 0.1175 Tw [(In addition to visiting the above-listed Japanese archives, Mr)73.9(. Ikeda also reviewed the)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD 0.0672 Tw (index for the Kokuritsu-kobunsho-kan-bekken \(Annex of the ˹ֳ of Japan)Tj T* 0.1146 Tw [(and equivalent to the ˹ֳ at College Park\), T)54.9(sukuba-city)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 30.8188 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1146 Tw (60 kilometers)Tj -31.8187 -1.2632 TD 0.025 Tw [(from T)54.9(okyo.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD -0.0372 Tw [(Mr)73.9(. Ikeda advises that the Kokuritsu-kobunsho-kan is quite different from the National)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0046 Tw (Archives and Records Administration \(NARA\) in the United States. He has worked at the)Tj T* 0.0882 Tw [(˹ֳ building in College Park, Maryland, over the years and is aware that)]TJ T* -0.0018 Tw (NARA holds most official U.S. documents. He notes that unlike NARA, Kokuritsu-kobun-)Tj T* 0.151 Tw [(sho-kan does not house most Japanese Government documents. Rather)73.9(, since it was)]TJ T* 0.019 Tw [(founded as Naikaku-bunko, the Cabinet Library)55(,)0( it mainly has documents relating to the)]TJ T* 0.0662 Tw [(cabinet, Imperial household, and very old documents \(for example, from the T)54.9(o)0(kugawa)]TJ T* 0.0729 Tw (dynasty\). Diplomatic documents are found at the Gaikou-shiryokan, and military docu-)Tj T* 0.2986 Tw [(ments are found at the Boei-toshokan. In short, unfortunately)54.9(, there is no single)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(Japanese archive with documents relating to every field. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0.0532 Tw [(Further)73.9(, from his research, Mr)73.9(. Ikeda describes two different classes of documents in)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw (these archives:)Tj 0 -1.5815 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2294 Tw [(\(1\) There are Henkan-shiryo \()]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 343.9964 194.8574 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.2294 Tw (the returned documents)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 433.1496 194.8574 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.2294 Tw (from the United States\) files. He)Tj -22.7526 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0.1967 Tw [(learned that there are at least 2,736 Henkan-shiryo files \(numbers of pages are not)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.075 Tw [(reported\) that are located in Kokuritsu-kobunsho-kan \(the ˹ֳ of Japan\),)]TJ T* 0.1888 Tw [(Chiyoda-ku, T)54.9(okyo. In the Boei-toshokan \(The National Institute for Defense Studies)]TJ T* 0.0605 Tw [(Library\), Meguro-ku, T)54.9(okyo, he found that there are 19,000 Japanese Imperial Army and)]TJ T* 0.0884 Tw [(21,000 Japanese Imperial Navy Henkan-shiryo files. And he reports that in the Gaikou-)]TJ T* 0.0411 Tw (shiryokan \(Diplomatic Records Office\), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Azabudai, Minato-ku,)Tj T* 0.0336 Tw [(T)54.9(okyo, there are at least 719 Henkan-shiryo files. According to Mr)73.9(. Ikeda, each archive is)]TJ T* 0.0418 Tw (fully open to all researchers \(American, Japanese, and/or other nationality\) who wish to)Tj T* -0.0096 Tw [(work in them. There is no single index, however)73.9(, that includes all the documents that the)]TJ T* 0.0162 Tw [(United States returned to Japan. Only the Kokuritsu-kobunsho-kan seems to have a fair-)]TJ T* 0.0485 Tw [(ly helpful index, while a researcher has to depend on the assistance of the archive staff)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.025 Tw (at the other two archives. )Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 205.265 737.995 m 205.265 35.995 l S 1 1 1 sc 36 738 540 -37.99 re 323.264 50.857 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 37 728.0024 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (R)Tj 9 0 0 9 49.0064 728.0024 Tm 0.4446 Tc [(EPOR)17.7(T)-852.1(F)-0.1(ROM)]TJ 12 0 0 12 154.7133 728.0024 Tm 0 Tc (J)Tj 9 0 0 9 162.6973 728.0024 Tm 0.4445 Tc [(AP)36.7(AN)-852.4(ON)]TJ 12 0 0 12 237.7047 728.0024 Tm 0 Tc (C)Tj 9 0 0 9 249.0372 728.0024 Tm 0.4446 Tc [(APTURED)-852.3(AND)]TJ 12 0 0 12 37 713.6024 Tm 0 Tc (R)Tj 9 0 0 9 49.0064 713.6024 Tm 0.4446 Tc (ETURNED)Tj 12 0 0 12 126.6899 713.6024 Tm 0 Tc (J)Tj 9 0 0 9 134.6738 713.6024 Tm 0.4445 Tc [(AP)36.7(ANESE)]TJ 12 0 0 12 209.5119 713.6024 Tm 0 Tc (R)Tj 9 0 0 9 221.5182 713.6024 Tm 0.4446 Tc (ECORDS)Tj 13 0 0 13 46.3761 526.4067 Tm -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(Mr)73.8(. Ikeda advises that the)]TJ 0 -1.1538 TD -0.0112 Tc 0 Tw (Kokuritsu-kobunsho-kan )Tj T* -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw (is quite different from )Tj T* (the ˹ֳ and)Tj T* (Records Administration)Tj T* (\(NARA\) in the United)Tj T* 0 Tw (States.)Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 5 w 10 M []0 d 38.501 538.829 m 38.501 431.149 l S Q endstream endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 41 0 R /Resources 26 0 R /Contents 27 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 26 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F6 48 0 R /F7 49 0 R /F9 37 0 R /F10 38 0 R /F11 39 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 60 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 55 0 R /Cs9 54 0 R >> >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 25387 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 229 142.7194 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc -0.0221 Tw (The vast majority of the ˹ֳ holdings of records relating to the exploita-)Tj -1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.2204 Tw [(tion of captured Japanese were declassified long ago but were not fully utilized by)]TJ T* 0.1329 Tw (researchers. This can be explained in part because many of the records are scattered)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (throughout many Record Groups and are frequently difficult to locate.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2421 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.0479 Tw [(T)54.8(o)0( help researchers better locate records relating to the capture/seizure and exploita-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.0869 Tw [(tion of Japanese records during and after W)17.7(orld W)17.8(ar II, as well as to records relating to)]TJ T* -0.0085 Tw [(Japanese war crimes and war criminals, I began in February to create a special finding aid.)]TJ T* 0.019 Tw [(By the end of September this draft finding aid numbered over 450 pages. Undoubtedly)54.7(,)0( it)]TJ T* 0.2183 Tw (will grow in size as more previously declassified records are identified and as more)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (records are declassified in response to current declassification legislation. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 518.5026 35.5194 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 207 738 m 207 36 l S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 394.0543 16.9683 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (9)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 216 738 360 -155.99 re 397.946 16.968 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 729.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1479 Tw [(\(2\) There are Senpan-shiryo \(the )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 357.3731 729.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1479 Tw (war criminals)Tj /F7 1 Tf 5.0639 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F11 1 Tf 0.2219 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1479 Tw [( documents)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 447.7845 729.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1479 Tw [(\) files. According to Mr)73.9(. Ikeda,)]TJ -24.2931 -1.2632 TD 0.0626 Tw [(these are documents made by the lawyers defending the accused Japanese or made by)]TJ T* 0.1115 Tw [(Japanese officials operating under the MacArthur regime. At some point in the 1990s,)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tw (these documents were collected from the various archives and are now all housed at the)Tj T* 0.0008 Tw (Kokuritsu-kobunshokan-bekkan, which is the ˹ֳ of Japan Annex, some 60)Tj T* 0 Tw [(km northeast of T)54.9(okyo. There is an index for the Senpan-shiryo at both Kokuritsu-kobun-)]TJ T* 0.043 Tw [(sho-kan \(T)54.8(okyo\) and Kokuritsu-kobunshokan-bekkan \(T)54.9(sukuba\). He reports that at pres-)]TJ T* 0.0397 Tw (ent these Senpan-shiryo documents are )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 382.8337 645.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0398 Tw (not open)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 415.2567 645.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0398 Tw (to researchers due to privacy concerns.)Tj -20.8691 -1.2632 TD 0.0142 Tw (This problem is evidently being addressed by the ˹ֳ of Japan, but he has)Tj T* 0.068 Tw [(been unable to get a definitive date or even estimated date when the privacy concerns)]TJ T* 0.0519 Tw (will be resolved. Thus, researchers cannot access these files at this time. 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Naotaka Ikeda is a specialist in Japanese Diplomatic History with the Kokugakuin)]TJ 0 -1.2421 TD 0.1114 Tw [(University in Shibuya, T)54.9(okyo. His specialty deals mainly with Japanese diplomatic)]TJ T* 0.0757 Tw (relations with the United States \(from the Nixon period to the present\), European)Tj T* 0.0094 Tw [(countries, and China. He has conducted research at the ˹ֳ facility in)]TJ T* 0.1388 Tw [(College Park, Maryland, and at various other libraries and archives in the United)]TJ T* 0.0251 Tw (States and Japan.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.1297 Tw [(It was through Dr)73.9(. Robert Eldridge of Osaka University in Japan that Mr)73.8(. Ikeda)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.0886 Tw (became involved with the IWG assignment to determine the location and accessi-)Tj T* -0.0199 Tw (bility of the Japanese documents brought to the United States and returned to Japan)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0423 Tw (by the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. The project took him 2 months, work-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(ing 7 hours a day)54.8(, including weekends. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.1131 Tw (He recommends that Americans interested in accessing the files make contact)Tj -1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.0164 Tw [(with a Japanese researcher)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11.4158 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0164 Tw (many are affiliated with universities)Tj /F6 1 Tf 15.2929 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.9999 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0164 Tw (for help with the)Tj -28.7086 -1.2421 TD 0.1112 Tw (process. While he notes that many of the Japanese archives have staff who speak)Tj T* -0.0164 Tw (English, he recommends that researchers plan ahead. He says American researchers)Tj T* 0.0828 Tw (should write a letter to the Japanese libraries to inform them of their inquiry sub-)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (jects and research goals.)Tj 9.31 0 0 9.5 238 364.4622 Tm -0.0151 Tc -0.0053 Tw [(Mr)73.8(. Ikeda has found for his own research into diplomatic history that archives on both)]TJ -1.2889 -1.2421 TD 0.1199 Tw [(sides of the Pacific hold useful materials. Y)36.9(et he notes that )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 25.6955 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.319 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.1199 Tw [(there are many Japanese)]TJ -26.0144 -1.2421 TD -0.015 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(records that are still not open that deal with this topic)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 22.4594 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3189 0 TD -0.015 Tc 0.0189 Tw [( and that he would expect to find)]TJ -22.7783 -1.2421 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.025 Tw (many more records on this subject accessible to the public in the United States.)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 238 317.2622 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0628 Tw [(In discussions with IWG members and staff, Mr)73.9(. Ikeda has described a Japanese)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.2829 Tw [(law)36.8(, passed in April of 2002, that is modeled after the American Freedom of)]TJ T* 0.0357 Tw (Information Act. It is too soon to tell, he said, how the law will affect access to his-)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (torical materials in Japanese repositories. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2421 TD 0.084 Tw [(The implementation of the Nazi W)17.8(ar Crimes Disclosure Act, in Mr)73.9(. Ikeda)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 31.4786 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.084 Tw [(s view)36.8(,)]TJ -32.9088 -1.2421 TD 0.0277 Tw [(has been beneficial to scholars and students of history)55(.)-0.1( He said, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 27.8435 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(The law will make)]TJ -28.1775 -1.2421 TD 0.063 Tw [(it easier for researchers to find and get what they need. It)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 25.0389 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.167 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.063 Tw (s a good idea and it is a)Tj -25.2059 -1.2421 TD 0.0251 Tw [(good thing that it came about.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 13.1304 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 13 0 0 13 46.3805 446.13 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn -0.0113 Tc 0.0278 Tw (At some point in the)Tj 0 -1.1538 TD -0.0112 Tc (1990s, these documents)Tj T* [(were collected from the)]TJ T* [(various archives and )]TJ T* -0.0113 Tc [(are now all housed at )]TJ T* -0.0112 Tc (the Kokuritsu-kobun-)Tj T* 0 Tw (shokan-bekkan)Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 5 w 10 M []0 d 38.502 458.598 m 38.502 351.018 l S BT 12 0 0 12 217 179.9096 Tm 0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw (The Exploitation of Captured Japanese Records)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 165.8936 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Continued from page 7.)Tj ET Q q 1 i 216 203.88 360 -2.51 re 299.503 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Y)36.8(et through it all one)]TJ T* 0.0375 Tw [(unit has worked continuously to comply with the mandates of the Nazi W)17.8(ar Crimes and)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (Japanese Imperial Government Records disclosure laws.)Tj 9.12 0 0 9.5 229 634.3791 Tm -0.0201 Tc 0.0336 Tw [(Over the course of 2 1/2 years, the staff of the Historical and Executive Review Unit reviewed)]TJ -1.3158 -1.2105 TD 0.0536 Tw [(more than 3,300,000 pages from the agency)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 18.0054 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1471 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0.0537 Tw (s central files for records relevant under the disclo-)Tj -18.1525 -1.2105 TD 0.1286 Tw (sure acts. In September 2002, with the final shipment of declassified records to the National)Tj T* 0.0558 Tw (Archives and Records Administration, the number of pages the unit had declassified under the)Tj T* 0.0152 Tw [(acts totaled 381,154. 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He expects that they will be useful to)]TJ T* 0.2441 Tw (researchers who are reviewing similar topics in the investigative files of the Office of)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (Strategic Services \(OSS\) and Army Investigative Records Repository \(IRR\).)Tj 1.2632 -1.2105 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1703 Tw (The success of the Bureau)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11.7964 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1671 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1703 Tw [(s declassification is largely due to the expertise of the)]TJ -13.2266 -1.2105 TD 0.0454 Tw [(Historical and Executive Review Unit, a team that Stephen Baker)73.9(, Supervisory Paralegal)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tw [(Specialist with the FBI, says was particularly well suited to the job. The group, which var-)]TJ T* 0.0214 Tw [(ied between 28 and 40 people, included specialists with expertise in applying classifica-)]TJ T* 0.0974 Tw (tion principles, determining redactions, and searching FBI indexes. Its original assign-)Tj T* 0.1413 Tw [(ment had been the location and declassification of records responsive to the John F)110.8(.)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(Kennedy Assassination Records Act of 1992.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3338 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1354 Tw [(W)17.8(e)0( had all the necessary components to fulfill the requirements of the Act,)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 33.5893 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1354 Tw [( said)]TJ -35.5201 -1.2105 TD 0.0143 Tw [(Baker)73.9(, who also noted that the Bureau hired no special contractors and appropriated no)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (supplemental funds for the work. )Tj 1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.121 Tw [(The process began with a search for the universe of files pertaining to individuals,)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.036 Tw (entities, and organizations specified on a list of 60,000 entries provided by the Office of)Tj T* 0.2698 Tw [(Special Investigation. This effort included a labor)36.8(-intensive search through manual)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (indexes containing more than 65 million index cards.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2105 TD -0.0284 Tw [(Once a file was identified as relevant, it was sent through the declassification and pro-)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.0836 Tw (cessing stages, each of which involved two reviews. The FBI unit did not stop with the)Tj T* 0.1692 Tw [(original 60,000-entry list. It was able to identify)54.9(, for example, an additional 600 files)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (about German scientists who were not on the original lists.)Tj 1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.08 Tw [(Of the hundreds of thousands of pages declassified and transferred to the National)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.2158 Tw [(Archives, only five pages that had been determined relevant were withheld in their)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tw [(entirety from release. Only 1.8 percent of the declassified documents contained portions)]TJ T* 0.0028 Tw (that had to remain classified; these documents have blocked-out words and paragraphs,)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (called redactions. The FBI redaction basis for deleting material, both classified and)Tj T* 0.034 Tw [(unclassified, was based directly on the Nazi W)17.7(ar Crimes Disclosure Act. The vast major-)]TJ T* -0.015 Tw (ity of the redactions relate to the protection of either confidential sources or information)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(that would impair relations between the United States and a foreign government.)]TJ 1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.0985 Tw [(The unit had to take additional steps with the records containing information from)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.094 Tw [(foreign governments. It became clear that during the W)17.8(orld W)17.8(a)0(r II era, the FBI worked)]TJ T* 0.2551 Tw (most closely with Britain, Canada, and France. The FBI unit contacted the British,)Tj T* -0.0247 Tw [(Canadian, and French embassies and set up face-to-face meetings with their government)]TJ T* 0.0175 Tw (officials who could make judgements about materials to be opened to the public. These)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(were often intelligence officers or their equivalent to American FOIA officers. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2105 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.074 Tw (The governments reviewed some portion of the classified material either in the United)Tj -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.0754 Tw (States or in their countries and they decided what elements in the documents were most)Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 205.265 737.995 m 205.265 35.995 l S 1 1 1 sc 36 738 540 -38 re 574.857 36.379 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 37 728 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.3334 Tc 0.0277 Tw (FBI C)Tj 9 0 0 9 86.6661 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc 0 Tw (OLLECTS)Tj 12 0 0 12 160.856 728 Tm 0 Tc (M)Tj 9 0 0 9 175.5254 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (ORE)Tj 12 0 0 12 213.2005 728 Tm 0 Tc (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 224.5448 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (HAN)Tj 12 0 0 12 262.7143 728 Tm 0.3334 Tc 0.0278 Tw (380,000 P)Tj 9 0 0 9 352.7616 728 Tm 0.4445 Tc 0 Tw [(AGES)-852.4(OF)]TJ 12 0 0 12 426.6066 728 Tm 0 Tc (W)Tj 9 0 0 9 440.1804 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (AR)Tj 12 0 0 12 467.3557 728 Tm 0 Tc (C)Tj 9 0 0 9 478.6883 728 Tm 0.4446 Tc (RIMES)Tj 12 0 0 12 37 713.6 Tm 0 Tc (R)Tj 9 0 0 9 49.0064 713.6 Tm 0.4446 Tc [(ECORDS)-852.3(FROM)-852.3(ITS)]TJ 12 0 0 12 199.032 713.6 Tm 0 Tc (C)Tj 9 0 0 9 210.3646 713.6 Tm 0.4446 Tc (ENTRAL)Tj 12 0 0 12 276.0542 713.6 Tm 0 Tc (F)Tj 9 0 0 9 286.7275 713.6 Tm 0.4445 Tc (ILES)Tj /F5 1 Tf 13 0 0 13 46.3804 192.9285 Tm 0 Tc ()Tj /F10 1 Tf 0.5379 0 TD -0.0112 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(W)29.9(e)0( had all the necessary)]TJ 0 -1.1538 TD -0.0113 Tc (components to fulfill the)Tj T* (requirements of the Act)Tj /F5 1 Tf 10.4933 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 5 w 10 M []0 d 38.503 206.317 m 38.503 156.737 l S Q endstream endobj 31 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 43 0 R /Resources 32 0 R /Contents 33 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 32 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F5 52 0 R /F6 48 0 R /F7 49 0 R /F9 37 0 R /F10 38 0 R /F11 39 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 60 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 55 0 R /Cs9 54 0 R >> >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Length 12397 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 0.125 w 10 M []0 d 207.003 258.297 m 207.003 43.997 l 206.996 738.004 m 206.996 312.044 l S Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 390.9412 16.9683 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.3333 Tc 0 Tw (11)Tj ET /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 216 738 360 -255.98 re 403.392 16.968 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 729.875 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0151 Tc 0.1086 Tw (sensitive and needed to remain closed. After reviewing a selection of the material in the)Tj 0 -1.2105 TD 0.0591 Tw (United States, the British provided the FBI with guidance for protecting sensitive informa-)Tj T* 0.114 Tw [(tion in their material, typically information related to intelligence gathering. Due to con-)]TJ T* 0.0098 Tw (cerns over privacy for French citizens mentioned in the documents, the French Government)Tj T* 0.055 Tw [(requested that officials in Paris review the documents. After this review was complete, the)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(French Government authorized the release of their documents almost in their entirety)54.9(. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2105 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2985 Tw (The delegation of Canadian officials met with the FBI unit on the morning of)Tj -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.2566 Tw [(September 11, 2001, in the FBI Headquarters building on Pennsylvania A)36.8(venue, in)]TJ T* 0.1132 Tw [(W)18(ashington, DC. The Canadians and staff of the Historical and Executive Review Unit)]TJ T* 0.0812 Tw [(stopped their meeting short once they received news of the terrorist attacks. Although)]TJ T* -0.0127 Tw [(the foreign visitors had to leave the building that day)54.9(, the meeting resumed the next day)54.8(. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.2722 Tw [(As staffing priorities shifted within the FBI after the September 11 attacks, the)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.001 Tw [(Historical and Executive Review Unit at times lost staff to other divisions. Y)36.8(et Baker said)]TJ T* -0.0095 Tw (that the group always kept an eye on getting the material declassified and processed. He)Tj T* 0 Tw (said, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.3034 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3339 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(W)17.8(e)-0.1( were never told that this wasn)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 14.5276 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.222 0 TD 0.0249 Tw [(t important or to stop our work.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 13.6312 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD ( )Tj -30.089 -1.2105 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.1238 Tw (John Collingwood, the initial IWG representative of the FBI, captured the spirit of the)Tj -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0 Tw (agency)Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.8535 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1521 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0149 Tw (s response to the disclosure laws when he wrote, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 20.5204 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.319 0 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.0149 Tw [(There are few)36.8(, if any)54.8(, causes more)]TJ -23.8449 -1.2105 TD 0.025 Tw (noble and more deserving of a robust response from the government [than the IWG)Tj /F6 1 Tf 34.7388 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.1521 0 TD -0.015 Tc (s].)Tj /F6 1 Tf 0.9839 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.3189 0 TD ( )Tj /F6 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 563.3099 533.3751 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 216 499.59 360 -187.19 re 569.31 533.375 m W* n 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n q 0 -0.7229 -1.3833 0 0 0 cm /Cs5 CS 0.788 0.843 0.89 SC 0 J 0 j 5.278 w 10 M []0 d -689.947 -417.117 m -689.947 -155.418 l S 0.792 0.843 0.894 SC -684.914 -417.117 m -684.914 -155.418 l S 0.796 0.847 0.894 SC -679.882 -417.117 m -679.882 -155.418 l S 0.8 0.851 0.894 SC -674.849 -417.117 m -674.849 -155.418 l S 0.804 0.851 0.898 SC -669.816 -417.117 m -669.816 -155.418 l S 0.808 0.855 0.898 SC -664.784 -417.117 m -664.784 -155.418 l S 0.812 0.859 0.902 SC -659.751 -417.117 m -659.751 -155.418 l S 0.816 0.863 0.902 SC -654.718 -417.117 m -654.718 -155.418 l S 0.824 0.863 0.906 SC -649.685 -417.117 m -649.685 -155.418 l S 0.827 0.867 0.91 SC -644.653 -417.117 m -644.653 -155.418 l S 0.831 0.871 0.91 SC -639.62 -417.117 m -639.62 -155.418 l S 0.835 0.875 0.914 SC -634.587 -417.117 m -634.587 -155.418 l S 0.839 0.878 0.918 SC -629.555 -417.117 m -629.555 -155.418 l S 0.843 0.878 0.918 SC -624.522 -417.117 m -624.522 -155.418 l S 0.847 0.882 0.918 SC -619.489 -417.117 m -619.489 -155.418 l S 0.855 0.886 0.922 SC -614.457 -417.117 m -614.457 -155.418 l S 0.855 0.89 0.922 SC -609.424 -417.117 m -609.424 -155.418 l S 0.863 0.894 0.925 SC -604.391 -417.117 m -604.391 -155.418 l S 0.867 0.898 0.929 SC -599.359 -417.117 m -599.359 -155.418 l S 0.871 0.898 0.929 SC -594.326 -417.117 m -594.326 -155.418 l S 0.875 0.902 0.933 SC -589.293 -417.117 m -589.293 -155.418 l S 0.878 0.906 0.937 SC -584.261 -417.117 m -584.261 -155.418 l S 0.882 0.906 0.937 SC -579.228 -417.117 m -579.228 -155.418 l S 0.886 0.91 0.937 SC -574.195 -417.117 m -574.195 -155.418 l S 0.89 0.914 0.937 SC -569.163 -417.117 m -569.163 -155.418 l S 0.894 0.918 0.941 SC -564.13 -417.117 m -564.13 -155.418 l S 0.902 0.922 0.945 SC -559.097 -417.117 m -559.097 -155.418 l -554.065 -417.117 m -554.065 -155.418 l S 0.906 0.925 0.949 SC -549.032 -417.117 m -549.032 -155.418 l S 0.914 0.929 0.953 SC -543.999 -417.117 m -543.999 -155.418 l S 0.914 0.933 0.953 SC -538.967 -417.117 m -538.967 -155.418 l S 0.918 0.933 0.957 SC -533.934 -417.117 m -533.934 -155.418 l S 0.925 0.941 0.961 SC -528.901 -417.117 m -528.901 -155.418 l -523.869 -417.117 m -523.869 -155.418 l S 0.933 0.945 0.961 SC -518.836 -417.117 m -518.836 -155.418 l S 0.937 0.949 0.965 SC -513.803 -417.117 m -513.803 -155.418 l -508.771 -417.117 m -508.771 -155.418 l S 0.945 0.953 0.969 SC -503.738 -417.117 m -503.738 -155.418 l S 0.949 0.961 0.973 SC -498.705 -417.117 m -498.705 -155.418 l -493.672 -417.117 m -493.672 -155.418 l S 0.957 0.965 0.976 SC -488.64 -417.117 m -488.64 -155.418 l S 0.961 0.969 0.976 SC -483.607 -417.117 m -483.607 -155.418 l S 0.965 0.969 0.98 SC -478.574 -417.117 m -478.574 -155.418 l S 0.969 0.976 0.984 SC -473.542 -417.117 m -473.542 -155.418 l -468.509 -417.117 m -468.509 -155.418 l S 0.976 0.98 0.988 SC -463.476 -417.117 m -463.476 -155.418 l S 0.98 0.984 0.988 SC -458.444 -417.117 m -458.444 -155.418 l S 0.984 0.984 0.988 SC -453.411 -417.117 m -453.411 -155.418 l S 0.988 0.988 0.992 SC -448.378 -417.117 m -448.378 -155.418 l S 0.992 0.996 0.996 SC -443.346 -417.117 m -443.346 -155.418 l S 0.996 0.996 0.996 SC -438.313 -417.117 m -438.313 -155.418 l S 1 1 1 SC -433.28 -417.117 m -433.28 -155.418 l S Q Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 482.4621 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (FBI IWG Representatives:)Tj 0 -1.2632 TD [(John E. Collingwood, Assistant Director)73.9(, Office of Public and Legislative Affairs)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 458.4621 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (\(May 1999)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.3293 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F11 1 Tf 0.4999 0 TD 0.025 Tw (March 2002\))Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 443.4621 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(William L. Hooton, Assistant Director)73.9(, Records Management Division )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 431.4621 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0.025 Tw (\(March 2002)Tj /F7 1 Tf 4.9974 0 TD 0 Tw ()Tj /F11 1 Tf 0.5 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (Present\))Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 413.9822 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0277 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(Approximate volume in pages searched: )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 412.5797 413.9822 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (3,325,745)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 396.0022 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0276 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(Pages of files and index cards declassified and shipped to the )]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD [(˹ֳ \(99% of files shipped were originals\):)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 372.5022 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0251 Tw [(Nazi phase: 24 shipments: 354,916 | Japanese phase: 9 shipments: 3,683)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 354.5222 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0277 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(Records Characteristics: )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 340.2602 354.5222 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Investigative files from the FBI Central File, 1921)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 20.7927 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.5 0 TD (1998)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 226 336.5422 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0276 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(Other products resulting from effort: )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 396.72 336.5422 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Several tracking systems were developed)Tj -17.9705 -1.2105 TD [(to enable the Bureau to chart the course of every file through the process.)]TJ ET 1 1 1 sc 216 265.13 360 -213.13 re 527.935 325.042 m f* Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 233.8164 Tm /Cs9 cs 1 scn 0.0276 Tc 0.0278 Tw (William L. Hooton)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 220.8004 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Assistant Director)73.9(, Records Management Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 217 197.3004 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0151 Tc -0.0064 Tw [(Mr)73.9(. Hooton became the FBI representative to the IWG in April 2002. He was born and raised)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD 0.0579 Tw [(in Austin, T)54.9(exas, earning a degree in Business Administration from the University of T)54.9(exas)]TJ T* 0.0484 Tw [(in 1975. He began his government service with the IRS in 1970, while still in school. While)]TJ T* 0.0839 Tw [(at the IRS, he designed one of the very first practical systems utilizing digital images and)]TJ T* 0.0405 Tw [(optical disks in a system that processed 85,000 tax returns a day)54.8(. In 1983, he moved to the)]TJ T* 0.1045 Tw (˹ֳ, where he directed a program that tested the feasibility of substituting)Tj T* 0.196 Tw [(digital images for physical records and microform. In 1990, he left Federal service and)]TJ T* 0.1243 Tw (worked in the commercial sector in a number of senior executive assignments including)Tj T* 0.2355 Tw [(President and CEO of T)54.9(ower Software, a records management software company)54.8(, and)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(Corporate V)17.8(ice President of Science Applications International Corporation. )]TJ 1.2632 -1.2105 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0403 Tw [(Mr)73.9(. Hooton has been a director on a number of boards of high-tech companies both)]TJ -1.2632 -1.2105 TD 0.1749 Tw [(public and private. 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For address correction or to be removed from)]TJ T* 0.1296 Tw [(this mailing list, please contact the IWG Staff Director)73.9(, National)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tw (Archives and Records Administration; 8601 Adelphi Road; College)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(Park, MD 20740, or at iwg@archives.gov)54.9(. )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 6.79 0 0 7 405.3685 54.6024 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0301 Tc 0 Tw (Disclosure)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 6.79 0 0 7 429.8957 54.6024 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0301 Tc 0.0251 Tw (was edited by Giuliana S. 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